Omega 3 brain: fish oil preserves its structure and size

Consumption of fish oil rich in Omega 3 appears to promote some positive changes in the structure of the human brain. Supplements could thus preserve brain volume and function, reducing the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.

This is according to a study published in the journal Alzheimer's and Dementia. The work, conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the use of fish oil supplements and cognitive deficits in the elderly, was conducted by researchers at Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, U.S.

Omega-3 against cognitive decline

The omega-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docasahexaenoic acid) are critical for the formation and activity of the central nervous system. In particular, DHA is one of the main constituents of the membranes of neurons, and is associated with proper brain development in fetal life, and plays, even in adulthood, a key role in nerve impulse transmission. Several studies reveal the association between omega-3 deficiency and neurodegeneration, and much research has suggested how polyunsaturated fatty acids may protect against Alzheimer's, reducing the risk of developing the disease.

Positive effects for supplement users

In this new study, researchers, led by Lori Daiello, analyzed data from 819 cognitively and non-cognitively impaired people (229 normal subjects, 397 patients with mild cognitive impairment and 193 patients with Alzheimer's Disease). Among them, 117 people were regularly using fish oil supplements. All subjects were evaluated with neuropsychological tests and MRI of the brain every 6 months. 

The researchers compared cognitive functioning, noting that consumers of fish oil supplements from the 3 different groups showed better cognitive performance. A response not found in subjects with the ApoE4 gene, already known to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the scientists observed a clear association between fish oil consumption and the average volumes of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These two areas, involved in memory and thinking, suffered less shrinkage in the elderly who took supplements, compared to others. This association was also significant only for those who were ApoE4 negative. 

According to scientists, the neuroprotective role of Omega-3 may be largely due to vascular effects. However, other mechanisms have been proposed, including the action of a molecule called neuroprotectin D1 that is formed from DHA during periods of oxidative stress.

Fish oil consumption is associated with greater brain volume

Results indicate that 'use of Omega-3-containing supplements may be associated with improved cognitive functioning, reduction of atrophy, and maintenance of brain volume. This study is the first to report an 'association between supplements and structural changes in the brain in groups of people with different cognitive conditions. There is a clear need for future research on the effects of long-term use of supplements, for the prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia, in middle-aged and older adults. Not to mention, as the researchers point out, the need to identify in these studies subjects with ApoE4

Source: Daiello L , Gongvatana A , Dunsiger S, Cohen RA , Ott BR ; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. "Association of fish oil supplement use with preservation of brain volume and cognitive function." Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Jun 18. pii: S1552-5260(14)00079-X. Doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.02.005.